پژوهشنامه نهج البلاغه
پیاپی 36 (زمستان 1400)

Nahj Al-Balagha as the brother for Holy Quran and the first interpretation of holy verses is full of fine knowledge and it means the commentator had pure divine findings. But among full lessons of this reliable recourse, some incorrect information gathered by the mistake. So its text must be refined from incorrect ones.   Some these texts are those about women which present them in low stage. One of these is to encourage women to stay at home. And obeying husband is one of its necessities which promoted up to Jihad (in the way of Allah).   In this article, "Jihad for woman is to obey her husband (Tabaul)", is considered and the result is that joining this phrase to Hikmah136, is by narrators and made by fabricators. This phrase entered Kolaini's & Saduq's narrations before entering Nahj Al_Balagha and related to Imam Ali (puh). Then the text related to 7th Imam (puh) while such this phrase was not in first Sunnite books and entered their last references in 4th century affected by Shiite texts.   This phrase is not according to the text order and inserted to the text and presents low view in understanding and interpretation of women in third & 4th century.

Critical discourse analysis is based on functional linguistics believes that there is an interactive relationship between the text and the context of the text. And the context of the text is affected by the context of situation. One of the discourse texts that has an organic and direct relationship with the outside world is Nahj al-Balaghah  that base on new theories of linguistics such as critical discourse can discover the unspoken hidden behind its textual context. Imam Ali (AS) tries to confront her opponents by using an enlightening critique of the ruling ideology To change the cultural context of the society in line with the lofty goals of Islam And examining the attitude of Imam (AS) through the lens of critical discourse helps us To understand how the Imam uses language in order to confront oppressive discourses. This research is done by analytical-descriptive method and base on Norman Fairclough theory and Examines how Imam Ali's (AS) discourse interacts in three levels of description, interpretation and explanation. Examination of sermons and letters in terms of vocabulary and grammar showed that Features of Fairclough approach there are in the context of empirical, expressive and relational values in these sermons and letters.. At the level of interpretation we saw that his discourse is in line with the political and social atmosphere of that time. At the level of explaining ideology behind the Imam's discourse is defending his own legitimacy and the non-compliance of justice in her right.

The sermon of Al-Gharra is one of the long sermons of Imam Ali (pbuh) which has been considered by commentators and men of letters throughout history due to its eloquence and rhetoric and its excellent content. One of the most important questions in relation to this sermon is the discovery of the main subject and the purpose of Imam Ali in expressing these matters. Studies show that each of the commentators has considered a specific topic for this sermon and has explained it, including: piety, attributes of God, The story of man, avoiding worldliness, describing the resurrection, warning of the resurrection and so on. In this research, an attempt has been made to use the content analysis method and extract important categories of the text, the geometric structure of the sermon is explained and finally the main subject of the sermon is identified. The findings show that Imam Ali in this enlightening and eloquent speech sought to draw a roadmap for the salvation of human beings. For this reason, he first introduces man and his talents, then reports his present (worldly life) and future (hereafter life) status, and in this way, he has informed man of the opportunities and threats ahead, and finally the main solution of salvation, ie piety has introduced and explained its fruits. The pattern obtained from the analysis of the content of the categories of this sermon can depict the solution of salvation and happiness of human beings in the world.

The fifty-third letter of Nahj al-Balaghah is one of the most famous and at the same time valuable letters of this book. This letter, which is a decree to the Malik Ashtar Nakhaei, is also known as the treaty, Contains Imam Ali 's serious views on the directorship of Islamic society. Layered stylistics make it easier to discover and interpret the connection between the formal features of a text and its content and the syntactic, layer shows the spiritual qualities and hidden mindsets of the speaker through syntactic elements. In the meantime, the author, by exploring one of the syntactic features called "Grammatical Voice" or syntactic, seeks to reveal the relationship between the Grammatical Voice of sentences and the thought of the Imam. Grammatical Voice is the relation of an event or verb state to other participants in the verb process; As a result, the Grammatical Voice in the verbs of this letter, and considering the other elements of the sentence, the Agent and the Patient, was explored, And the frequency of Active / direct Voice, which acts as the starting point, Makes the audience realize the importance of the Agent; Then the high frequency of the same Voice, which is the starting point of the event, On the importance of what the Malik Ashtar should do or is forbidden, Due to the extensive use of the verbs of command and prohibition, In the same way, attaching bread to the emphasis on actions seals the seal of approval on the orders of the guardian of Muslims. This paper intends to investigate the relationship between syntax and thought by descriptive-analytical method and by referring to libraries and Internet resources.

The precious book of Nahj al-Balaghah contains a considerable number of phrases indicating the concept of futility. That Imam Ali (AS) to draw the degree of futility of a work, to induce his distance from those things, And in order to portray the degree of closeness and habituation of the opposite front to them and also to convince the audience, he has used those interpretations Identifying, extracting and analyzing them is very important and plays a pivotal role in receiving the concepts desired by Amir. In the light of the importance of the issue, the present study tries to evaluate and examine the futility of the workers who were present in Nahj al-Balaghah with a qualitative approach and descriptive-analytical method. And to deal with the issue that from the point of view of Imam Ali (as), what people do their work is a manifestation of futility and futility and what is the root of those matters in general and And which strategy the speaker has used most to illustrate their work. The study shows that in order to reform the affairs and enlightenment, Hazrat tried to make the vain audience aware of their misunderstanding by using similes and objectifying the desired matters. And at the same time, with its unparalleled imagery, it enhances the meaning and permanence of the meaning of its speech in the mind of the audience Another is that the focus of most of the speeches, which included futility and futility, was the discussion of governance and caliphate.

Authentic leadership manifests in four areas of leadership on self, others, organizations, and governments. The purpose of study is to design a model of sustainable government democracy by authentic leadership based on the teachings of Nahj al-Balaghah. The method of research is qualitative and with inductive approach. In this paper, the thematic analysis method was used. The source studied in this research is 31 letters out of 79 letters. The criterion for selecting the letters was based on their distance and proximity to the paradigm of governmental democracy by the original leadership, which was analyzed. The results show that the requirements for the establishment and inclusion of sustainable government democracy by the authentic leadership should be searched in four individual, group, organizational and governmental requirements and in four levels of individual behavior management, group behavior, organizational behavior, and government behavior. In a way that at the level of individual behavior management, look at managerial appointments from internal sources of supply according to the merit-based system; At the level of group behavior management, the use of a committed expert strategy in managerial appointments; At the level of organizational behavior management, attention is paid to goals, strategies, policies, programs, practices, and processes, and at the level of governance behavior management, attention is paid to the necessities of governance.

Finding common elements between the sayings of our religious and literary figures and gaining access to the poetic sources of poets, in addition to helping to know these characters themselves, is useful and effective in understanding their sayings. Nahj al-Balagha as a good source of Islamic teachings and sayings of Imam Ali (A.S) is a clear path for many Muslim writers and poets. Nimayoshij is one of the contemporary poets whose work has common themes with Nahj al-Balagha. This study attempts to review the common themes of resurrection in Nimayoshij's poems and Nahj al-Balagha from a comparative and contrastive perspective. The study adopted a qualitative case-based approach in which the common concepts and themes of “Resurrection” and “Invalidity of the world” in Nahj al-Balagha and Nima's poems have been compared and contrasted. The method of data collection is library-based and the results obtained, indicate that the content and message of many Nima's poems, like Nahj al-Balagha, is based on belief in the Hereafter. The findings also showed that the resurrection-believing has various individual and social effects that most of them have been expressed in Nahj al-Balagha and Nima's poems, similarly.